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After he died, they passed on his teachings, and a school of thought emerged from his teachings known as Confucianism. The last Shang king, Shang Zhou, was a nasty sort of fellow, far different from his predecessor Cheng Tang. In the eleventh century BCE, the Zhou state was a minor power on the western periphery of the Shang realm, located along the Wei [way] River. One description of an elite soldier states that he wears heavy armor, shoulders a large crossbow and fifty arrows, straps a halberd to his back, buckles a helmet to his head, and places a sword to his side.) [8] The latter period of the Zhou dynasty is also famous for the beginnings of three major Chinese philosophies: Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism. Why did the Qing Dynasty set up the capital of Xinjiang in Yili? The book of odes written during the Zhou period clearly intoned this caution.[38]. There are several reasons why the Zhou dynasty lasted so long: Centralized government: The Zhou dynasty had a centralized system of government, with a powerful ruler at its head, which allowed for effective administration and control over a large territory. Chinas three major pre-modern philosophical and religious traditions are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. . Now, the Zhou royal court was faced with the task of governing newly conquered territory, including the former lands of the Shang Dynasty. The first was Duke Huan of Qi [who-an of chee]. 15 Facts about Warring States Period in China - China Highlights The Shang ruled from 1600 to 1046 B.C. [2], China's first projects of hydraulic engineering were initiated during the Zhou dynasty, ultimately as a means to aid agricultural irrigation. Because of this, the Zhou moved their capital city east to the North China Plain. We return to that topic after reviewing the ideas put forward by philosophers in the context of these centuries of turmoil. [12] Ju's son Liu,[13] however, led his people to prosperity by restoring agriculture and settling them at a place called Bin,[c] which his descendants ruled for generations. The military prowess of Zhou peaked during the 19th year of King Zhao's reign, when the six armies were wiped out along with King Zhao on a campaign around the Han River. From there, they governed a predominantly rural population of farmers living in villages where life was not easy. ), { "4.01:_Chronology_of_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Introduction_to_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Questions_to_Guide_Your_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Geography_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_China_from_Neolithic_Village_Settlements_to_the_Shang_Kingdom" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:_The_Long_Zhou_Dynasty_(1046-_256_BCE)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.08:_The_Qin_Dynasty_and_the_Transition_from_Ancient_to_Imperial_China" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.09:_The_Han_Dynasty_202_BCE-220_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.10:_The_Period_of_Division_220-589CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.11:_The_Tang_Dynasty_and_the_Emergence_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.12:_The_Song_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.13:_The_Yuan_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.14:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.15:_Works_Consulted_and_Further_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.16:_Links_to_Primary_Sources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Prehistory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Early_Middle_Eastern_and_Northeast_African_Civilizations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Ancient_and_Medieval_India" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_The_Greek_World_from_Bronze_Age_to_Roman_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_The_Roman_World_from_753_BCE_to_500_BCE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Western_Europe_and_Byzantium_circa_500-1000_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Islam_to_the_Mamluks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_African_History_to_1500" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Americas" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Central_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Western_Europe_and_Byzantium_circa_1000-1500_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 4.7: The Long Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE), [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "Zhou Dynasty", "Confucianism", "Daoism", "Taoism", "Mandate of Heaven", "Confucius", "beeline:print", "program:galileo", "authorname:gisrael" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FWorld_History%2FBook%253A_World_History_-_Cultures_States_and_Societies_to_1500_(Berger_et_al. According to the Duke of Zhou, Heaven had decreed that Shang kings must fall and Zhou rulers should replace them. The period before 771 bce is usually known as the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty, and that from 770 is known as the Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty. The Zhou kings contended that heaven favored their triumph because the last Shang kings had been evil men whose policies brought pain to the people through waste and corruption. The noble man does not abandon humaneness for so much as the space of a meal. (4.5) For Confucius, the highest virtue is humanity, and many of his conversations center upon defining what it is that makes a person humane. After the Xia and Shang, the next major dynasty in Chinese history is the Zhou Dynasty (1045 256 BCE). This move marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (770 256 BCE). There were two principal reasons for this. For example, in 771 BCE, King You [yo] was attacked by the allied forces of the lord of Shen and tribal peoples residing out west. Soldiers were equipped with armor, crossbows, halberds, dagger-axes, and swords manufactured from bronze, iron, leather, and wood in royal workshops located at capital cities. To achieve these goals, techniques were developed, including special dietary regimens, yoga, Chinese boxing, meditation, and alchemy. Instead, this warrior nobility engaged in an escalating contest for power and prestige. Confucius chose to become learned and seek office. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation -like government [1] based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of . Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed Duke Hui of Eastern Zhou as King Nan's successor after their capital, Chengzhou, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. The rulers of this epoch were no strangers to battle, but they also created an environment where fascinating and long-standing cultural elements thrived. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials. In about 771 b.c., the enemies attacked the Zhou capital of Hao. But it was his son King Wu (Martial King) who brought down the Shang Dynasty. Jili's son Wen bribed his way out of imprisonment and moved the Zhou capital to Feng (within present-day Xi'an). As the main focus of his grandiose project, his canal work eventually diverted the waters of the entire Zhang River to a spot further up the Yellow River. After he died, they passed on his teachings, and a school of thought emerged from his teachings known as Confucianism. Indeed, Zhou kings granted land and noble titles to kinsmen in exchange for obedience, periodic visits to the kings palace, tribute, and military support. The later Wei statesman Ximen Bao, who served Marquis Wen of Wei (445396 BC), was the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be Nan, who was killed when Qin captured the capital Wangcheng[1] in 256 BC. Other states came to the rescue, relocating the kings son, Prince Ping, to the eastern capital at Luoyang. With King You dead, a conclave of nobles met at Shen and declared the Marquis's grandson King Ping. The Zhou Dynasty was the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history. It persisted all the way from the 11th to the 3rd century BC. Zhou Dynasty Timeline. One is to create a unified dynasty, and the other is to make the name of a country exclusive to the nation for the first time. How did warlords weaken the Zhou Dynasty? These jobs came to symbolize proper order in society. Therefore, they devised better ways to control land in their realms. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. The Zhou Dynasty, the Longest-lasting of China's Dynasties One of the Zhou ruling houses devised a plan to conquer the Shang, and a decisive battle was fought, probably in the mid-11th century bce. In the early 1600s, dynastic struggle quickly tore Russia apart, soon joined by famine and invasion, earning the name the Time of Troubles. [36] Although only the first three of these went on to receive imperial patronage in later dynasties, doctrines from each influenced the others and Chinese society in sometimes unusual ways. Lords of the seven most powerful states lost respect for the Zhou kings and even assumed the same title, thus claiming the right to unify all of China under their rule. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. At that point, when the individual is in accord with the ineffable Way, life becomes spontaneous, natural, and effortless. Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhou kings and the regional dynasties thinned over the generations. However, he only managed to hold some minor offices in Lu and generally failed in his political aspirations. So thoroughly did the Han dynasty establish what was thereafter considered Chinese culture that "Han" became the Chinese word denoting someone who is ethnically Chinese. The most famous of these was Confucius, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. Jade ornaments and objects were used lavishly for funerary and ritual purposes, and ornamental carvings reflected superb craftsmanship. Instead, he gained an avid following of 70 students, whom he accepted regardless of their social status. After the move, the Zhou dynasty was weakened even more by a threat from within. This Heaven, however, is less a deity than a higher moral order, a kind of beneficent presence. [d] The Zhou enfeoffed a member of the defeated Shang royal family as the Duke of Song, which was held by descendants of the Shang royal family until its end. It is therefore not surprising that during this time some of Chinas greatest military treatises were written, most notably the Art of War by Master Sun [sue-in]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. Historians believe the Old Master was a fictional sage invented by Warring States Period philosophers who compiled the book attributed to him. An array of feudal states was created within the empire to maintain order and the emperors hold on the land. 5. But they fought even more fiercely. Paradoxically, although the Dao is indescribable and cant be seen or heard, the goal of the Daoist is to accord with and follow it. Thus, by the end of this period, largely owing to the demands of warfare, the Zhou feudal order had been supplanted by a small number of powerful territorial states with centralized monarchies. The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhu [o]; Old Chinese (B&S): *tiw[4]) was a royal dynasty of China (1046 BC 256 BC) that followed the Shang dynasty. In this capacity, Duke Huan had the authority to resolve disputes between nobles on behalf of the king. After 540 wars were fought over two centuries, only fifteen states remained by 475 BCE (see Map \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Should a young man learn to be respectful and reverent towards parents and elders, he will become a humane person, and humane people are far more likely to contribute in a positive way to society. These Daoists largely rejected Confucian ideas about human moral development and social order as artificial constructs. When the Qin dynasty fell and was replaced by the Han dynasty, many Chinese were relieved to return to the more humane virtues of Confucius. 3: China and East Asia to the Ming Dynasty, { "3.01:_(Module_5)_3.10-_The_Yuan_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.02:_(Module_5)_3.7-_The_Period_of_Division_220-589CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.03:_(Module_5)_3.8-_The_Tang_Dynasty_and_the_Emergence_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.04:_(Module_5)_3.9-_The_Song_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.05:_Chronology_of_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", 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In this capacity, Duke Huan had the authority to resolve disputes between nobles on behalf of the king. Kings also militarized their kingdoms landscapes by building forts at strategically critical passes, walls to mark off boundaries, and watchtowers to signal the enemys approach. Wary of the Duke of Zhou's increasing power, the "Three Guards", Zhou princes stationed on the eastern plain, rose in rebellion against his regency. Over time, Zhou kings lost their ability to control these lords, and the lords became increasingly independent.