[1] This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. Was the Bantu expansion or migration a genocide? - Quora A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. for this article. What area? The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. "useRatesEcommerce": false In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. and The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Was the Bantu Expansion genocide of the Pygmies, Khoisan, and - reddit The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. Has data issue: true [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. It's not white supremacist to study history. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Quick History Lesson: The severity of the Bantu Expansion () - Thread It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. . Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. Population collapse in Congo rainforest from 400 CE urges - Science cit. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group, [3] [4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21.