The larger the diameter, the higher the speed of propagation. But then when the spontaneously depolarize the membrane to threshold In addition, after one action potential is generated, neurons become refractory to stimuli for a certain period of time in which they cannot generate another action potential. Copyright Why is there a voltage on my HDMI and coaxial cables? Sometimes it is. go in one direction. The frequency f is equal to the velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength (lambda) of the wave: f = \frac {v} {\lambda} In the special case when an electromagnetic wave travels through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, so the expression . A question about derivation of the potential energy around the stable equilibrium point. It consists of three phases: depolarization, overshoot, and repolarization. Especially when it comes to sensations such as touch and position sense, there are some signals that your body needs to tell your brain about, Imagine you are walking along and suddenly you trip and begin to fall. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. How quickly these signals fire tells us how strong the original stimulus is - the stronger the signal, the higher the frequency of action potentials. Frequency = 1/ISI. 3 Here, a cycle refers to the full duration of the action potential (absolute refractory period + relative refractory period). Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. These changes cause ion channels to open and the ions to decrease their concentration gradients. Gate n is normally closed, but slowly opens when the cell is depolarized (very positive). potential will be fired down the axon. The amount of time it takes will depend on the voltage difference, so a bigger depolarization in the dendrites will bring the axon hillock back to threshold sooner. Neurons are a special type of cell with the sole purpose of transferring information around the body. Limbs are especially affected, because they have the longest nerves, and the longer the nerve, the more myelin it has that can potentially be destroyed. SNAP amplitudes > 80% of the lower limit of normal (LLN) in two or more nerves. Why do many companies reject expired SSL certificates as bugs in bug bounties? Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Related to that pointmoving ions takes time and cells are not isopotential. but I'm not quite sure where to go from here. This phase is the repolarization phase, whose purpose is to restore the resting membrane potential. Propagation doesnt decrease or affect the quality of the action potential in any way, so that the target tissue gets the same impulse no matter how far they are from neuronal body. External stimuli will usually be inputted through a dendrite. In most cases, the initial CMAP is followed within 5 to 8 msec by a single, smaller CMAP. Improve this answer. Inactivated (closed) - as the neuron depolarizes, the h gate swings shut and blocks sodium ions from entering the cell. The myelin is an insulator, so basically nothing can get past the cell membrane at the point. Action potentials frequency was determined by counting spikes during the 0.2-1 s interval after stimulation. A synapse is a junction between the nerve cell and its target tissue. Learn the types of the neurons with the following quiz. And then when that Though this stage is known as depolarization, the neuron actually swings past equilibrium and becomes positively charged as the action potential passes through! The top and bottom traces are on the same time scale. The different temporal Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). patterns of action potentials are then converted to the It can cause changes action potentials of different frequencies The frequency is the reciprocal of the interval and is usually expressed in hertz (Hz), which is events (action potentials) per second. into the frequency and duration of a series, which sorts of systems, where the neurons fire at This is due to the refractoriness of the parts of the membrane that were already depolarized, so that the only possible direction of propagation is forward. From the ISI you entered, calculate the frequency of action potentials with a prolonged (500 msec) threshold stimulus intensity. Let's explore how to use Einstein's photoelectric equation to solve such numerical on photoelectric effect. Let's explore how the graph of stopping potential vs frequency can be used to calculate the Planck's constant experimentally! By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Frequency Calculator | Formula | Step by Step Solution Is it a sodium leak channel? Absolute refractory period: during this time it is absolutely impossible to send another action potential. Postsynaptic conductance changes and the potential changes that accompany them alter the probability that an action potential will be produced in the postsynaptic cell. how to calculate market sizing - changing-stories.org We have emphasized that once the depolarization caused by the stimulus is above threshold, the resulting neuronal action potential is a complete action potential (i.e., it is all-or-nothing). (Convert the is to seconds before calculating the frequency.) As positive ions flow into the negative cell, that difference, and thus the cells polarity, decrease. It's not firing any temporal patterns and amounts of information passed along to the target cells can be Different temperature represents different strength of stimulation. and durations. Signal quality is extremely important and is impacted by the sampling frequency. The potential charge of the membrane then diffuses through the remaining membrane (including the dendrite) of the neuron. Can airtags be tracked from an iMac desktop, with no iPhone? duration of depolarization over threshold is converted Just say Khan Academy and name this article. Derive frequency given potential using Newton's laws, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/118708/, phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Classical_Mechanics/, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Lagrangian formulation of the problem: small oscillations around an equilibrium, Using Electric Potential to Float an Object. excitation goes away, they go back to their When people talk about frequency coding of intensity, they are talking about a gradual increase in frequency, not going immediately to refractory period. the nervous system. Frequency coding in the nervous system: Supra-threshold stimulus. neurons, excitatory input can cause the little bursts An example of inhibitory input would be stimulation of the vagus nerve, which results in slowing of "pacemaker" neurons and a slower heart rate. An axon is still part of the cell, so its full of cytoplasmic proteins, vesicles, etc. Direct link to Usama Malik's post Spontaneous action potent, Posted 8 years ago. Francesca Salvador MSc Demyelination diseases that degrade the myelin coating on cells include Guillain-Barre syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis. Myelin increases the propagation speed because it increases the thickness of the fiber. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. (Convert the ISI to seconds before calculating the frequency.) A Threshold Equation for Action Potential Initiation | PLOS Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. An action potential is generated in the body of the neuron and propagated through its axon. The information is sent via electro-chemical signals known as action potentials that travel down the length of the neuron. Refractory period (physiology) - Wikipedia \begin{align} Direct link to Julia Jonsson Pilgrim's post I want to cite this artic, Posted 3 years ago. This depolarizes the axon hillock, but again, this takes time (I'm purposely repeating that to convey a feeling of this all being a dynamic, moving process, with ions moving through each step). information by summation of the graded potentials Voltage-gated sodium channels exist in one of three states: Voltage-gated potassium channels are either open or closed. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The brutal truth is, just because something seems like a good idea doesnt mean it actually is. The most important property of the Hodgkin-Huxley model is its ability to generate action potentials. The overshoot value of the cell potential opens voltage-gated potassium channels, which causes a large potassium efflux, decreasing the cells electropositivity. From the isi you can calculate the action potential - Course Hero Therefore, short action potentials provide the nerve cell with the potential for a large dynamic range of signaling. The fastest signals in our bodies are sent by larger, myelinated axons found in neurons that transmit the sense of touch or proprioception 80-120 m/s (179-268 miles per hour). neurons, excitatory input will cause them to fire action Direct link to jaz.sloan's post Is the axon hillock the s, Posted 6 years ago. Suprathreshold stimuli also produce an action potential, but their strength is higher than the threshold stimuli. Action potential velocity Google Classroom Brain cells called neurons send information and instructions throughout the brain and body. Action Potential - The Resting Membrane Potential - Generation of These areas are brimming with voltage-gated ion channels to help push the signal along. The top answer here works only for quadratic in which you only have a minimum. In neurons, it is caused by the inactivation of the Na + channels that originally opened to depolarize the membrane. fire little bursts of action potentials, followed And target cells can be set But since the pump puts three sodium ions out while bring a mere two potassium ions in, would the pump not make the cell more polarized? Deactivated (closed) - at rest, channels are deactivated. inhibitory inputs. Depending on the type of target tissue, there are central and peripheral synapses. AboutTranscript. 2. Action potentials are nerve signals. Register now inputs to a neuron is converted to the size, Under this condition, the maximum frequency of action potentials is 200 Hz as shown below: Eq. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Do nerve cells cause action potential in cardiac muscle? Additionally, multiple stimuli can add up to threshold at the trigger zone, it does not need to be one stimulus that causes the action potential. Why is it possible to calculate the equilibrium potential of an ion using the Nernst equation from empirical measurements in the cell at rest? And the same goes for Direct link to christalvorbach's post How does calcium decrease, Posted a year ago. Because of this, an action potential always propagates from the neuronal body, through the axon to the target tissue. frequency of these bursts. In excitable tissues, the threshold potential is around 10 to 15 mV less than the resting membrane potential. Third, nerve cells code the intensity of information by the frequency of action potentials. If the nerves are afferent (sensory) fibers, the destruction of myelin leads to numbness or tingling, because sensations arent traveling the way they should. Sometime, Posted 8 years ago. Neurons generate and conduct these signals along their processes in order to transmit them to the target tissues. And then this neuron will fire An action potential can be propagated along an axon because they are _______ channels in the membrane. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. This period overlaps the final 1/3 of repolarization. Millikan, Einstein, and Max Planck, all won a Nobel prize for their contribution to photoelectric effect and giving birth to the quantum nature of light! input to a dendrite, say, usually causes a small Direct link to Taavi's post The Na/K pump does polari, Posted 5 years ago. All rights reserved. Use this calculator for children and teens, aged 2 through 19 years old. In this example, the temperature is the stimulus. Can Martian regolith be easily melted with microwaves? Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2 Frequency coding in the nervous system: Threshold stimulus. The electrocardiograph (ECG machine) uses two electrodes to calculate one ECG curve ( Figure 6 ). Setting U ( x 0) = 0 and x 0 = 0 (for simplicity, the result don't depend on this) and equating to familiar simple harmonic oscillator potential we get -. hyperpolarization or inhibitory potential. toward the terminal where voltage gated Ca2+ channels will open and let Ca2+ inside where the synaptic vesicles will fuse with the presynaptic membrane and let out their contents in the synapse (typically neurotransmitters). It propagates along the membrane with every next part of the membrane being sequentially depolarized. If the cell body gets positive enough that it can trigger the voltage-gated sodium channels found in the axon, then the action potential will be sent. The link you've provided shows exactly the same method. Concentration gradients are key behind how action potentials work. The resting potential is -60 mV. Repolarization - brings the cell back to resting potential. When does it not fire? Calculate the average and maximum frequency. The length and amplitude of an action potential are always the same. 2. input usually causes a larger On the other hand, if it inhibits the target cell, it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. spike to represent one action potential. A myelin sheath also decreases the capacitance of the neuron in the area it covers. From Einstein's photoelectric equation, this graph is a straight line with the slope being a universal constant. Im a MBBS and ha. Determine the action Decide what action you want to use to determine the frequency. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Sudden, fast, transitory and propagating change of the resting membrane potential, Absolute depolarization, 2/3 of repolarization, Presynaptic membrane membrane of the terminal button of the nerve fiber, Postsynaptic membrane membrane of the target cell, Synaptic cleft a gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. they tend to fire very few or no action potentials Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). in the dendrites and the soma, so that a small excitatory So each pump "cycle" would lower the net positive charge inside the cell by 1. however, are consistently the same size and duration Direct link to alexbutterfield2016's post Hi there For example, the have the opposite effect. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. But in these videos he is mainly referring to the axon hillock. So here I've drawn some Action potentials travel down neuronal axons in an ion cascade. Calculate and interpret the instantaneous frequency Voltage gated sodium channel is responsible for Action potential (depolarization) while Voltage gated potassium channel and leaky potassium channel are responsible to get back to a resting state. You answered: 10 Hz is that they have differences in their leak channels and/or Direct link to Bob Bruer's post Easy to follow but I foun, Posted 7 years ago. So in a typical neuron, Potassium has a higher concentration inside the cell compared to the outside and Sodium has a higher concentration outside the cell compared to the inside. Sensory information is frequency-modulated in that the strength of response is directly related to the frequency of APs elicited in the sensory nerve. In this sentence "This is because they have two special characteristics that allow them send information very quickly a large diameter, and a myelin sheath.". A mass with mass $m$ has a potential energy function $U(x)$ and I'm wondering how you would find the frequency of small oscillations about equilibrium points using Newton's laws. The speed of propagation largely depends on the thickness of the axon and whether its myelinated or not. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. It's like if you touched a warm cup, there's no flinch, but if you touched a boiling pot your flinch "response" would be triggered. would it be correct to say myelin sheath increases the AP, if not can you explain why? Figure 1 shows a recording of the action potentials produced when the frequency of stimulation was 160 per second. Trying to understand how to get this basic Fourier Series. When you want your hand to move, your brain sends signals through your nerves to your hand telling the muscles to contract. Many excitatory graded potentials have to happen at once to depolarize the cell body enough to trigger the action potential. Absence of a decremental response on repetitive nerve stimulation. Greater the magnitude of receptor potential, greater is the rate of discharge of action potentials in the nerve fibre.1 Now consider a case where stimulus ( strength ) is large , so there is more accumulation of positive charges near the spike generator region, this would then form action potential , this action potential should then travel in both directions just like at initial segment . These ligand-gated channels are the ion channels, and their opening or closing will cause a redistribution of ions in the postsynaptic cell. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of generating an action potential; that property is called the excitability. The action potential depends on positive ions continually traveling away from the cell body, and that is much easier in a larger axon. However, they have a few extra features which allow them to be fantastic at transferring action potentials: Illustration of the neuron with the dendrites, myelin sheath, axon, and axon terminus labelled. And then when that The neuron cell membrane is super permeable to potassium ions, and so lots of potassium leaks out of the neuron through potassium leakage channels (holes in the cell wall). Direct link to Ankou Kills's post Hi, which one of these do, Posted 10 months ago. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. But with these types After one action potential is generated, a neuron is unable to generate a new one due to its refractoriness to stimuli. This then attracts positive ions outside the cell to the membrane as well, and helps the ions in a way, calm down. Stopping potential vs frequency graph (video) | Khan Academy Direct link to Kent Green's post So he specifically mentio, Posted 6 years ago. Derive frequency given potential using Newton's laws Effectively, they set a new "resting potential" for the cell which is above the cells' firing threshold. An action potential begins at the axon hillock as a result of depolarisation. The frequency axis (log scale) runs from 300 Hz to 10 kHz and covers 5 octaves. Did this satellite streak past the Hubble Space Telescope so close that it was out of focus? \mathbf{F} &= m \mathbf{\ddot{x}} \\ Direct link to Behemoth's post What is the relationship . If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. A diameter is a line that extends from one point on the edge of a circle to a point on the direct opposite side of the circle, splitting the circle precisely in half. edited Jul 6, 2015 at 0:35. Relative refractory period: during this time, it is really hard to send an action potential. This slope has the value of h/e. over threshold right here, then we see a little train The code looks the following: That can slow down the Physiologically, action potential frequencies of up to 200-300 per second (Hz) are routinely observed. Reviewer: Follow these steps to calculate frequency: 1. When the myelin coating of nerves degenerates, the signals are either diminished or completely destroyed. At What Rate Do Ions Leak Out of a Plasma Membrane Segment That Has No Ion Channels? Adequate stimulus must have a sufficient electrocal value which will reduce the negativity of the nerve cell to the threshold of the action potential. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes are responsible for insulation. The inactivation (h) gates of the sodium channels lock shut for a time, and make it so no sodium will pass through. Here's an example of all of the above advertising terms in action. And with these types of I'm confused on the all-or-nothing principle. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Once it is above the threshold, you would have spontaneous action potential. Positive ions (mostly sodium ions) flow into the cell body, which triggers transmembrane channels at the start of the axon to open and to let in more positive ions. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, the ligand-gated channels of the postsynaptic membrane either open or close. 2023 Any help would be appreciated, It's always possible to expand the potential in Taylor series around any local minima (in this example $U(x) $ has local minima at $x_0$ , thus $U'(x_0)=0 $ ), $$ U(x) \approx U(x_0)+\frac{1}{2}U''(x_0)(x-x_0)^2 $$, Setting $ U(x_0)=0 $ and $ x_0=0$ (for simplicity, the result don't depend on this) and equating to familiar simple harmonic oscillator potential we get -, $$ \frac{1}{2}kx^2=\frac{1}{2}m\omega^2x^2=\frac{1}{2}U''(x_0)x^2 $$, $$ \omega =\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}=\sqrt{\frac{U''(x_0)}{m}} $$. Direct link to pesky's post In this sentence "This is, Posted 7 years ago. 4. Here, a cycle refers to the full duration of the action potential (absolute refractory period + relative refractory period). The potential charge of the membrane then diffuses through the remaining membrane (including the dendrite) of the neuron. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? So although one transient stimulus can cause several action potentials, often what actually happens is that those receptor potentials are quite long lasting. For a long time, the process of communication between the nerves and their target tissues was a big unknown for physiologists. Activated (open) - when a current passes through and changes the voltage difference across a membrane, the channel will activate and the m gate will open. Thus, with maintained supra-threshold stimulus, subsequent action potentials occur during the relative refractory period of the preceding action potential. Depending on whether the neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory, this will result with different responses. voltage-gated The units of conduction velocity are meters/seconds How to notate a grace note at the start of a bar with lilypond? Direct link to adelaide.rau21's post if a body does not have e, Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to Gyroscope99's post Is ion exchange occurring, Posted 7 years ago. A few sodium ions coming in around the axon hillock is enough to depolarize that membrane enough to start an action potential, but when those ions diffuse passively into the rest of the soma, they have a lot more membrane area to cover, and they don't cause as much depolarization. It will run through all the phases to completion. Im wondering how these graded potentials are measured and were discovered if, for any change to occur in the body, a full-fledged action potential must occur thanks. Your entire brain is made up of this third type of neuron, the interneuron. Action Potential Duration - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics From the ISI you entered, calculate the frequency of action potentials with a prolonged (500 msec) threshold stimulus intensity. In an effort to disprove Einstein, Robert Millikan . the man standing next to einstein is robert milliken he's pretty famous for his discovery of the charge of the electron but he also has a very nice story uh in photoelectric effect turns out when he looked at the einstein's photoelectric equation he found something so weird in it that he was convinced it had to be wrong he was so convinced that he dedicated the next 10 years of life coming up with experiments to prove that this equation had to be wrong and so in this video let's explore what is so weird in this equation that convinced robert millican that it had to be wrong and we'll also see eventually what ended up happening okay so to begin with this equation doesn't seem very weird to me in fact it makes a lot of sense now when an electron absorbs a photon it uses a part of its energy to escape from the metal the work function and the rest of the energy comes out as its kinetic energy so makes a lot of sense so what was so weird about it to see what's so weird let's simplify a little bit and try to find the connection between frequency of the light and the stopping potential we'll simplify it makes sense so if we simplify how do we calculate the energy of the photon in terms of frequency well it becomes h times f where f is the frequency of the incident light and that equals work function um how do we simplify work function well work function is the minimum energy needed so i could write that as h times the minimum frequency needed for photoelectric effect plus how what can we write kinetic energy as we can write that in terms of stopping voltage we've seen before in our previous videos that experimentally kinetic maximum kinetic energy with the electrons come out is basically the stopping voltage in electron volt so we can write this to be e times v stop and if you're not familiar about how you know why this is equal to this then it'll be a great idea to go back and watch our videos on this we'll discuss it in great detail but basically if electrons are coming out with more kinetic energy it will take more voltage to stop them so they have a very direct correlation all right again do i do you see anything weird in this equation i don't but let's isolate stopping voltage and try to write the equation rearrange this equation so to isolate stopping voltage what i'll do is divide the whole equation by e so i'll divide by e and now let's write what vs equals vs equals let's see v cancels out we get equals hf divided by e i'm just rearranging this hf divided by e minus minus h f naught divided by e does this equation seem weird well let's see in this entire equation stopping voltage and the frequency of the light are the only variables right this is the planck's constant which is a constant electric charge is a const charge and the electron is a constant threshold frequency is also a constant for a given material so for a given material we only have two variables and since there is a linear relationship between them both have the power one that means if i were to draw a graph of say stopping voltage versus frequency i will get a straight line now again that shouldn't be too weird because as frequency increases stopping potential will increase that makes sense right if you increase the frequency the energy of the photon increases and therefore the electrons will come out with more energy and therefore the stopping voltage required is more so this makes sense but let's concentrate on the slope of that straight line that's where all the weird stuff lies so to concentrate on the slope what we'll do is let's write this as a standard equation for a straight line in the form of y equals mx plus c so over here if the stopping voltage is plotted on the y axis this will become y and then the frequency will be plotted on the x axis so this will become x and whatever comes along with x is the slope and so h divided by e is going to be our slope minus this whole thing becomes a constant for a given material this number stays the same and now look at the slope the slope happens to be h divided by e which is a universal constant this means according to einstein's equation if you plot a graph of if you conduct photoelectric effect and plot a graph of stopping voltage versus frequency for any material in this universe einstein's equation says the slope of that graph has to be the same and millikan is saying why would that be true why should that be true and that's what he finds so weird in fact let us draw this graph it will make more sense so let's take a couple of minutes to draw this graph so on the y-axis we are plotting the stopping voltage and on the x-axis we are plotting the frequency of the light so here's the frequency of the light okay let's try to plot this graph so one of the best ways to plot is plot one point is especially a straight line is you put f equal to zero and see what happens put vs equal to zero and see what happens and then plot it so i put f equal to 0 this whole thing becomes 0 and i get vs equal to minus h f naught by e so that means when f is equal to 0 vs equals somewhere over here this will be minus h of naught by e and now let's put vs equal to 0 and see what happens when i put vs equal to 0 you can see these two will be equal to each other that means f will become equal to f naught so that means when when vs equal to 0 f will equal f naught i don't know where that f naught is maybe somewhere over here and so i know now the graph is going to be a straight line like this so i can draw that straight line so my graph is going to be a straight line that looks like this let me draw a little thinner line all right there we go and so what is this graph saying the graph is saying that as you increase the frequency of the light the stopping voltage increases which makes sense if you decrease the frequency the stopping voltage decreases and in fact if you go below the stopping voltage of course the graph is now saying that the sorry below the threshold frequency the graph is saying that the stopping voltage will become negative but it can't right below the threshold frequency this equation doesn't work you get shopping voltage to be zero so of course the way to read this graph is you'll get no photoelectric effect till here and then you will get photoelectric effects dropping voltage so this is like you can imagine this to be hypothetical but the focus over here is on the slope of this graph the slope of this graph is a universal constant h over e which means if i were to plot this graph for some other material which has say a higher threshold frequency a different threshold frequency somewhere over here then for that material the graph would have the same slope and if i were to plot it for some another let's take another material which has let's say little lower threshold frequency again the graph should have the same slope and this is what millikan thought how why should this be the case he thought that different materials should have different slopes why should they have the same slope and therefore he decided to actually experimentally you know actually conduct experiments on various photoelectric materials that he would get his hands on he devised techniques to make them make the surfaces as clean as possible to get rid of all the impurities and after 10 long years of research you know what he found he found that indeed all the materials that he tested they got the same slope so what ended up happening is he wanted to disprove einstein but he ended up experimenting proving that the slope was same and as a result he actually experimentally proved that einstein's equation was right he was disappointed of course but now beyond a doubt he had proved einstein was right and as a result his theory got strengthened and einstein won a nobel prize actually for the discovery you know for this for his contribution to photoelectric effect and this had another significance you see the way max planck came up with the value of his constant the planck's constant was he looked at certain experimental data he came up with a mathematical expression to fit that data and that expression which is called planck's law had this constant in it and he adjusted the value of this constant to actually fit that experimental data that's how we came up with this value but now we could conduct a completely different experiment and calculate the value of h experimentally you can calculate the slope here experimentally and then you can we know the value of e you can calculate the value of h and people did that and when they did they found that the value experimentally conducted over here calculated over here was in agreement with what max planck had originally given and as a result even his theory got supported and he too won their nobel prize and of course robert milliken also won the nobel prize for his contributions for this experimentally proving the photo electric effect all in all it's a great story for everyone but turns out that millikan was still not convinced even after experimentally proving it he still remained a skeptic just goes to show how revolutionary and how difficult it was to adopt this idea of quantum nature of light back then.
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